** Signage along roads or on private property has a marginal to no effect on voter turnout. The authors note that most down-ballot campaigns use signs for different purposes, primarily to build candidates’ name recognition and credibility. Novel approaches to this that may be more hopeful include repeatedly replacing signs that someone else has removed, but these approaches have not been researched enough yet to evaluate their GOTV effect.
(Green & Gerber, 2023) (Loewenstein, J. & Newby, R.)