*** GOTV mail that is non-partisan and emphasizes civic duty or the importance of making one’s voice heard has a marginal effect on turnout (0.4% on average in good studies). In contrast, partisan mailers that advocate for or against particular candidates or causes typically have negligible effects (0.1% or less in many studies, some of them quite large). Effects of mailings are also minimal with very low propensity voters. (Green & Gerber, 2023) (Loewenstein, J., Newby, R.)
