*** Leaflets and door hangers have a marginal to no effect on voter turnout. Green and Gerber (2023) emphasize that this is based on many strong studies with diverse voter populations, on average yielding only 1 additional vote per 189 door hangers placed. This research has included both partisan and nonpartisan efforts, as well as studies targeting specified voters versus those visiting all addresses in a given area.
(Green & Gerber, 2023) (Loewenstein, J. & Newby, R.)