** In door to door canvassing to get out the vote (as opposed to persuasion, see that section), the message does not seem to matter as much as we might think, but the quality of the conversation matters. “Canvassers have distributed voter guides, polling place information, and pens bearing a candidate’s name. Canvassing scripts have emphasized neighborhood solidarity, ethnic solidarity, civic duty, and the closeness of the election. Sometimes the scripts have focused on the candidates, sometimes on issues. Although we cannot rule out the possibility that these variations in message and presentation make some difference, the effects seem to be so small that none of the studies were able to detect them reliably….The data do suggest that some tactics might bump up turnout by an additional percentage point. One tactic is to ask citizens whether they can be counted on to vote. Another is to provide citizens with the location of their polling place. These effects are small, and researchers cannot claim to have isolated them with any precision, but they seem worth incorporating into most canvassing campaigns.” Tactics that increase canvasser confidence, such as having information about where to vote or materials to hand out, “may increase the effectiveness of canvassing simply by changing the tenor and length of conversation on the doorstep.”
(Green & Gerber, 2023) (Loewenstein, J. & Newby, R.)